Phase shifting device



Sept. 19, 1950 J. F. HERsH Er AL 2,523,115

' PHASE SHIFTING DEVICE Filed March 13, 1946 wc4 s 5 30 R3 wca so 322 EL 3 wcz o' INVENTORS o JOHN F. HERsH ss .muss a. FARAN,JR. 90 JOHN R. R rrz 2o 4o "5' 'so ao loo FREnur-:Ncv Afrney step procedure.

g ,."Patentedsepms, ,195o

f; Application March 1s, 194e,l serial Nopcsaies' Vi'Ihisfninventionlrelatesftolelectric'al@waveapliase` shiftingcidevices and@ morespecifically` to phaseit shifting.;l devices. with. .twof or-r more f circuit. branches;wherein'Y eaclr branch has.` a particular phase@fshifting.` characteristic ,1 andi` i wherein a:. novel'diferenceemeasuring: circuit L gives :the vec-fAV torialff difference "between nth/ellvoltagesu at.u two@ pointsiinfthe device.'

. `It#is`.well:1:now.n inthe artto use :combinations oii` resistors)- capacitors, .andrinductors=- across au ylineiorvcircuitifto .obtain Vvoltagesfout: of phase` with?. the` applied4 voltage(- Suchv` a :circuiti is f d'e-I termined for a particular frequency-fiand'isunot.A

voltage-fora-predetermined degreecofphaseshift d-esired. The voltage output also variesawidelyr with frequencyla'f- This: disadvantage necessitated either arnmultipli'cityoffphase Shifters, each adjusted to aseparate frequency, or a variable phase shifter which has to be set for each frequency change. With-either circuit,a frequency range coulldfbeovered only in a; cumbersome step-by- S'Claiims. (Cl. 158,-.44). 1

theivoltageafromthecathode Aresistors RBf and'R if 2.,. R6; and'l` RIqz The plates: of: tubes-v I 5 L, and :IrGir aref: connected through resistancesgiRzI;I4 andffRfIr2 the positive voltage source, -I-E. Outputl voltage isi-takeniat: pointI I4; andis determined by. the total. of.: voltages. appliedbetweenA grid: and cathf-l.; odef` ofi tube I6.1 ,If a `negativevoltageaEfirisrappliedfto` the.. grid' `of tube r I',` the current-fl throughtubeA I5fis reduced and awlowerxvoltagea isfdevelopedlacross resistancesvRIrand R11."4 Thisc' fdrop-in cathode-bias on-tube I6l amounts `to: aal

positive change in the-grid-to-cathodevoltages# applied to tube' I6; whosetotalsdetermines thef o'utputtopointi V1 III-:fy Voltage 4Engis applied:Y totubefi I Irlthrouglii coupling" capacitor ClI Uso it"l addsi to:

Asn thisv cathode voltage lhasf a variationwltouti` ofphase witl'r the `voltage lE4 which causes :ther variation, ther grid-to-cathode voltage. ontuben IB'! 'is the difference between@ Err and? En. This.`

It is an objectvof thisinvention-.toprovide nov-el or fr a-ngle-,l 2,isA determinedfbythe'A totalv impedancef-- `'means for obtaining a, phase shift which is nearly quencyrr In the figures@ Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the phase shifter and difference measuring circuits.

Figure 2 is a vector diagram of the various voltages present in the phase shifting circuit.

Figure 3 isv a vector diagram of the resultan voltageoutput of the difference measuring circuit.

Figure 4 is a graph of the scalar values of voltages for a frequency range.

Fig. 5 illustrates a series of graphs showing theY phase shift as a function of the frequency for various circuit constants.

Referring to Figure 1, which shows a schematic diagram of the phase shift circuit and the difference measuring circuit, the voltage V is applied to the input I3. Current flows through branches RI-CZ and R3-C4 and develops voltages across the elements of each branch whose vectorial sum equals V. The voltage Ec4 is applied to the grid of tube I5 through coupling capacitor C5.` Similarly, voltage En is applied to vthe grid of tube I6 through coupling capacitor CIIJ. The cathodes of tubes I5 and IB are connected to ground 4through common resistances sbilascfollowsg.:

inputfvoltage'but` differingv in phasef by an# angle-of# apprroxin'iatelyv 90deg1'ees;

Figurey 2 shows thewectcriar diagramxo f the-J voltages `in the phaseshifting circuit. Thephase vector and the phase angle, o, is determined by the impedance vector ZFRV as follows,

The resistance components En and Ers of the voltage drop are in phase with the currents I1 and I2 which lead applied voltage V by angles 0 and qi respectively. The capacitative voltage components EQ2 and E@ lag the currents by 90 degrees.

The resulting vectorial diagram is as shown in Figure 2. Dotted lines I1 and I8 are the loci of the intersections of resistive and capacitative voltage components as frequencyis varied. With a proper choice of RC constants, the difference voltage between En and Ee; can be of constant voltage and approximately phase shift from voltage V over a useful range of frequencies.

This difference voltage between En .and Flc#g is represented vectorially in Figure 3, and is the total of the voltages applied in Figure 1 between grid and cathode of tube I6. The output of tube I6 is therefore the vectorial difference between Eri and En, but 180 out of phase with the applied grid-to-cathode voltage.

Referring to Figure 4, the scalar value of Eri rises proportional to frequency while E64 is inversely proportional to frequency. The diierence voltage has a broad minimum in the useful range.

Fig. 5 illustrates a series of graphs showing the phase shift as a function of frequency for various circuit constants. These graphs show that the phase shift can be made exactly 90 degrees at some frequency but that the phase shift differs slightly from 90 degrees above and below the frequency f. It will be seen that the closer p is to Zero degrees and 9 is to 90 degrees, the smaller is thev error in phase shift at the extreme ends of the frequency range.

What we claim is:

1r A' phase shifting circuit comprising a voltage source, two impedances, each having capacitative andresistive components, connected across said voltage source, a first and a second vacuum tube, said first vacuum tube having its 'grid connected toone side of the capacitative component of one of the said'impedances and a cathode circuit'including a resistance common with said second vacuum tube, the other side of the last-named capacitative component being connected to said resistance at the end remote from `the cathode of the first tube, and said second vacuum tube having its gridconnected to one end of the resistive component ofthe other said impedance andits cathode circuit common with the i'lrst vacuum tube, the other end of the last-named resistance component being connected to said other end of said last-named capacitative component, the plate output of said second tube containing the vectorial difference between the above capacitatve voltage `component and the above resistive voltage component, said difference `voltage being displaced 90 degrees from the applied voltage.

2. A frequency shifting network, comprising, a source of alternating voltage at first and second points in said network, two impedances connected in parallel between said points, each impedance comprising a reactance element in series with a resistance element, one impedance having `the resistance element thereof connected to said source at said first point and the other impedance having the resistance element thereof connected to the source at said second point, a pair of vacuum tubes having the control grids coupled to said impedances between the resistance and reactance elements thereof, respectively, said tubes having a common cathode circuit including a resistance, and a network output connection from the plate of one of said tubes.

3. The frequency shifting network of claim 2 wherein the control grids are capacity-coupled to said impedances, respectively.

4. The frequency shifting network of claim 2 wherein said control grids are resistance-connected to said cathode circuit.

5. A frequency shifting circuit comprising, a bridge circuit in which rst and fourth legs are reactance elements and second and third legs are resistance elements, said rst and third legs being joined and said second and fourth legs being joined, a source of voltage connected t0 the bridge at said junctions, a pair of vacuum tubes having a common cathode circuit including a resistance and having the control grids thereof coupled to the junction of the rst and second legs and the junction of the third and fourth legs, respectively, the plate output of one of said tubes being phase altered in accordance with the vectorial sum of a resistive and reactive voltage component from two of `said legs.

6. The circuit of claim 5 in which said first and said fourth legs of the bridge are capacitative reactances. f

JOHN F. HERSH.

JAMES J. FARAN, Ja. JOHN R. REITZ.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of vrecord in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Hansen Dec. 3, 1946 

